Changes in the Temple of Heaven and the Ceremony of Memorials
Author: Gou Chao
Source: “Beijing Daily” Ancient Capital Edition
Time: Confucius 2573 Jiayin, the ninth day of the seventh lunar month of the second lunar month of the year.
Jesus August 24, 2023
The ancients were extremely pious about paying homage to Liuhe. “Guangya·Shitian” records: The round hill altar is used to worship the sky; the Fangze Dazhe is used to worship the earthJamaicans Escort. “Yizhou Shu” says: Set up Qiuzhao in the southern suburbs to worship God, and match it with HoujiJamaica Sugar. During the Warring States Period, the theory of yin and yang emerged, taking “heaven” as “yang” and “earth” as “yin”. Yang belongs to the nature of the south, and yin belongs to the nature of the south. Therefore, round hills are placed in the southern suburbs, and square hills are placed in the northern suburbs.
Every year at the beginning of the winter solstice, yin disappears and yang grows, and the days get longer, so it is designated as the day of worshiping the sky and the valley; while the summer solstice is designated as the day of worshiping the earth.
The main entrance of the Temple of Heaven, as a place for worshiping heaven, is now the west gate of the Temple of Heaven. The west gate of the Temple of Heaven is not only an altar gate close to the central axis of Beijing, but also the most important gate in the history of the Temple of Heaven. In the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420), when the Temple of Heaven was built, there was only one altar gate in the outer altar of the Temple of Heaven, which is the west gate of the Temple of Heaven today.
Temple of Heaven Prayer Hall
22 emperors held 654 memorial ceremoniesJamaicans Sugardaddy
Historically, there were nine altar gates in the Temple of Heaven. Among them, there are seven inner altars: the three Tianmen gates in the north, east and west, as well as Taiyuanmen, Zhaohengmen, Guanglimen and Chengzhenmen. There are two outer altars: the Qigu Altar Gate and the Circle Qiu Altar Gate.
Jamaicans Sugardaddy GateJamaicans Sugardaddy is the current west gate of the Temple of Heaven. It was the earliest It’s called “Outer West Gate”. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the emperor used this door to enter and exit the Temple of Heaven to worship the gods.
In the ninth year of Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty (1530), the Circular Mound Altar was built on the south side of the present Qigu Altar., is dedicated to offering sacrifices to heaven on the Winter Solstice, while theJM EscortsPraying Grain Altar is dedicated to praying for Meng ChunJM EscortsValley.
In the 19th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1754), a new round gate was built on the south side of the Outer West Gate. People who offered sacrifices to heaven entered through the gate, so the gate was renamed. It is the gate of the prayer altar.
“The 126th Volume of the Imperial Rules of the Qing Dynasty” records: In the 19th year of Qianlong’s reign, it was ordered that the south of the outer wall on the west side of the Temple of Heaven should be opposite to the previous one. At the farm gate, a gate was built, a bell tower was built in the wall, and the corridor outside the gate was completed. Later, when you encounter the Temple of Heaven, you enter the newly built south gate, the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, and still enter the north gate.
Jamaica Sugar DaddyThe Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest in “The Great Qing Dynasty Ceremony”
The Temple of Heaven is composed of two architectural communities, namely the Altar of Praying for Grains and the Altar of Circular Mounds.
The community of the Praying Valley Altar includes (from north to south): Huangqian Hall, Praying Hall, Danbi Bridge, and Gufu Platform; in the east are the North Slaughtering Pavilion, the North Divine Kitchen, Seven Star Stone; in the west there is the Zhai PalaceJamaica Sugar and the Kagura Department.
The Circle Qiu Altar community includes: Huang Qiong Yu, Circle Qiu; Taiyuan Gate, Zhaoheng Gate, Guangli Gate, Chengzhen Gate; to the east are the South Sacrifice Pavilion, South Divine chef.
Pray Jamaicans Sugardaddy The Valley Altar was built in the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420) ), originally the Liutong Festival. In the ninth year of Jiajing (1530), Emperor Jiajing heard from his ministers: In ancient times, the heaven was worshiped in the circular mound, and the earth was worshiped in the square mound. Round mounds Jamaica Sugar Daddy are the hills on the ground in the southern suburbs. The mounds are round and high, so as to resemble the sky; square hills are the hills in the northern suburbs. In the middle of the hill, with the hill facing down and looking like the earth, it was decided to restore the old system of dividing sacrifices between Liuhe and build a circular hill in the south of the Great Sacrifice Hall to offer sacrifices to heaven, and build a Fangze Altar outside Anning Gate to offer sacrifices to the two ignorant guys.Keep talking. land.
The Temple of Heaven is the general name of the two altars of Qiu and Qigu. They have two layers of altar walls, which constitute the interior. , outer altar, the altar wall is rounded to the south and north, symbolizing the round sky. The important buildings are in the inner altar: the Circular Mound Altar in the south and the Valley Praying Altar in the north. The two altars are on the same north-south axis, separated by a wall in the middle. A total of 22 emperors held 654 memorial ceremonies here. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty had the most. During his 60 years on the throne, he visited the Temple of Heaven 155 times to pay homage.
The three gates closest to the central axis of the Temple of Heaven are: Qigu Altar Gate, Circle Qiu Altar Gate, and Guangli Gate. The first two gates belong to the outer altar gate of the Temple of Heaven, and the Guangli Gate belongs to the inner altar gate of the Yuanqiu Altar.
After the Guangli Gate was built in Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty, it took the northern route and returned to the Forbidden City through the Altar of Prayer Gate. In the 19th year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty, after the Temple of Heaven was renovated with the Circle Mound Altar Gate, the emperor offered sacrifices to Heaven and then left the Guangli Gate and headed south again. Go west and then north through the Yuanqiu Tan Gate.
Mother Pei smiled and patted her hand, then looked at the mountains dyed red in autumn in the distance, and said softly: “No matter how old the child is, whether he is his biological child or not, as long as he is not here
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The original Luan Jiaku in the southeast of Guangli Gate was removed when the Temple of Heaven was reformed during the Qianlong period. The “Collection of Ancient and Modern Books·Economic Collection” was re-edited in the fourth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1726) Jamaicans SugardaddyEtiquette” describes the relative status of Guangli Gate and Luan Jiaku in the Temple of Heaven, Jamaica SugarThe northeastern part of Guangli Gate is the stone archway of Jitian Avenue.
The Guangli Gate was built in the ninth year of Jiajing (1530). The gate to return to the palace after the ceremony. After the Jiajing Heaven Sacrifice Ceremony, people take the royal road to return to the palace. Outside the Guangli Gate is the sacrifice site. There is JM EscortsA gate along the wall is called the “walking animal gate”, which serves the circular mound altar for worshiping heaven. Sacrificial animals pass through this gate from the place of sacrifice to the south slaughtering pavilion.
Green glazed tiles reflect the meaning of respecting heaven
BitJamaicans Escort The Divine Music Department in the west of the Temple of Heaven was originally named Shen Guangtan. It was built in the 18th year of Yongle (1420). It faces the west and faces the east. It is a place to commemorate music and dance. Governing body and practice venue, including the Temple of HeavenOffer sacrifices in all altars and temples included.
In the seventh year of Qianlong’s reign (1742), Qianlong expressed his dissatisfaction with the level of Yue Wusheng’s business in his edict. Le Wusheng Jamaicans Escort cannot distinguish between palace merchants (who do not know genealogy), and at the same time believe that Confucianism and Taoism are different, so it is not a system for Taoist priests to participate in sacrifices. Therefore, the cheerful and optimistic music and dance students are ordered not to practice Taoism anymore, otherwise they will be expelled and leave. In the second year, the Shenzhen Optimism Office was renamed the Kagura Institute, and in the 20th year of Qianlong’s reign (1755), it was renamed the Kagura Department.
The Temple of Heaven Zhai Palace was built in the 18th year of Yongle (1420). It is located in the northeast corner of the Altar of Prayer for Grains. It sits west and faces the altar east to show devotion to heaven. The roof of the building uses green glazed tiles, which are one level lower than the yellow glazed tiles, reflecting the emperor’s piety and obedience to heaven.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were clear etiquette rules for memorial ceremonies. Following the ancient system in the Qing Dynasty, the sacrificial rituals were divided into three levels, namely: the big eve ceremony, the middle ceremony, and the group ceremony. All sacrifices to Yuanqiu, Fangze, Qigu, Changyu, Taimiao and Sheji are listed as great sacrifices.
After the founder of the Qing Dynasty Dingding Beijing Jamaicans Sugardaddy, it was stipulated that a total of thirteen events should be held every year Great sacrifice. That is: on the first Xin day of the first lunar month every year, we worship the Emperor God at the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests in the southern suburbs and pray for grain for the people; on the winter solstice, we worship the God Haotian at the Circle Qiu Altar in the southern suburbs; on the summer solstice, we worship her in Fangze. Because his mother just said she was going to bed, he didn’t want the sound of the two people talking to disturb his mother’s rest. On the first day of the second lunar month of the twelfth lunar month, sacrifices were made to Dashe and Daji; Meng Chun, Meng Xia, Meng Qiu and Meng Dong enjoyed the Imperial Ancestral Temple; on the first ding day of the twelfth lunar month, sacrifices were made to the ancestor Confucius and so on. All major eve sacrifices were performed by the emperor himself. If there was a major event in the country, officials would be sent to report the sacrifices. The sacrifices would be performed according to the prescribed period, and the emperor would fast for three days before the sacrifice.
Huanqiu Altar
Thirteen Great Eve Sacrifice Among them, the Temple of Heaven has three items: the Circular Mound Altar for offering sacrifices to heaven during the winter solstice, the first Xin day of the first lunar month for praying for good harvests, and the fourth April Good Day for praying for rain at the Circular Mound Altar. The Changyi ceremony was originally the middle sacrifice, but it was designated as the major sacrifice by Qianlong.
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests was built in the 18th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1420). It was originally named the “Great Sacrifice Hall”. It has 11 rooms in width and a veranda with double eaves.The night hall is used to worship heaven and earth.
“Hongwu Records” records that the round platform above the Nanjing Grand Sacrifice Hall has two floors, not three. The Great Sacrifice Hall built in the 18th year of Yongle’s reign is the same as the Great Sacrifice Hall in Nanjing. The round platform above the hall is also two-story. When the Daxiang Hall was built in the 21st year of Jiajing (1542), the original two-story round altar of the Dasi Hall in the early Ming Dynasty was used, and a one-story altar was built on top.
The implementation of Liuhehe in the early Ming Dynasty was not for enjoyment, and she didn’t want to. I think Jamaica Sugar deserves Jamaica Sugar Daddy Marrying into the Pei family will be more difficult than marrying into the Xi family. At that time, it was called “Liuhe Temple” instead of “Tian Temple of Heaven”. In the ninth year of Jiajing (1530), the sacrificial code was corrected and “Liuhe divided sacrificial ceremony” was implemented. In the 17th year of Jiajing (1538), in order to celebrate the autumn celebrations, Yan Song and others submitted a proposal: This night, the sacrificial hall will be located in the north of the circle hill and southeast of the forbidden city, which corresponds to the ancient position. Mingtang enjoys autumn, that is, the Great Sacrifice Hall is the place to be. Emperor Jiajing disagreed with the proposal of Yan Song and others, and even ordered the officials who spoke politely to be imprisoned.
Emperor Jiajing issued an edict to dismantle the Great Sacrifice Hall and build a new hall on its site. He named the hall “Daxiang Hall” and drew it himself. The Great Sacrificial Hall was demolished in the 20th year of Jiajing (1541), and the Daxiang Hall was built in the 21st year of Jiajing (1542). It was completed in the 24th year of Jiajing (1545) and was a round hall with three eaves. Its shape is similar to that of today’s The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests is the same, but the tiles are divided into three colors: blue tiles on the upper eaves, yellow tiles on the middle eaves, and green tiles on the lower eaves, which represent heaven, earth, and all things. Its shape and color are recorded in “History of the Ming Dynasty·Book of Rites·Great Gifts on New Year’s Eve”.
After the completion of the Daxiang Hall, Emperor Jiajing still held the Autumn Enjoyment Ceremony in the Xuanji Palace in the Forbidden City. The Daxiang Hall remained idle for a long time.
From “Huajiamen” to “Ancient Rare Gate”
In the second year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1645), Emperor Shunzhi ordered a grain praying ceremony to be held and changed the name of Daxiang Hall to Praying for grain altar. In the sixteenth year of Qianlong (1751), Emperor Qianlong decreed that the Daxiang Hall be renamed the Qinian Hall, and the Daxiang Gate was renamed the Qinian Gate.
The major renovation of Daxiang Hall was mainly concentrated in the Qianlong YearJamaicans Escort During this period, Emperor Qianlong successively issued decrees to build the Praying Valley AltarJamaica SugarThe three-story countertop was replaced with gold bricks; the seven rooms in the back row of the east and west side halls of the Daxiang Hall were demolished, leaving only the nine rooms in the front row JM Escorts is the side hall of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests.
The seventeenth year of Qianlong’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1752Jamaica Sugar Daddy) will be the Jiajing Period The upper green, middle yellow and lower green tile roofs of the three eaves of Daxiang Hall were all changed to blue glazed tiles, which is the symbol of Meng Chun (first month) JM EscortsSpecial building for praying for valley.
The current Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests is not the one built during the Qianlong period, but was built from scratch during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. On August 24, the 15th year of Guangxu’s reign (1889), the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests was struck by lightning and caught fire. The 344-year-old palace was reduced to ashes, shocking both the government and the public. Reconstruction began the following year.
Every time the emperor prayed for grain, he had to walk from Danbi Bridge to the altar. In the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1769), Emperor Qianlong was approaching his sixtieth year and felt that he was unable to do what he wanted. A gate was built to reduce the emperor’s labor of walking, and it was called the “Huajia Gate”.
The forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1779), the reign of Emperor Qianlong When he was nearly seventy years old, Taichang Temple officials suggested building a small corner door on the west side of Huangqian Hall for the emperor to pay homage and pay homage to reduce the walking distance. Qianlong accepted Caixiu with regret. Seeing this, he also nodded bitterly and said: “Okay, let me help you dress up. It’s best if it’s so beautiful that the young master of the Xi family can’t take his eyes away, letting him know what he’s lost. But he was afraid that all his descendants would be lazy if they took this route, so he issued an edict to make it clear: “From now on, the descendants of the family will live longer.” Only those who have reached seventy can enter and exit this gate”, so this gate is called “ancient and rare gate”. After Qianlong’s Qing Dynasty, various Jamaica SugarEmperors did not live long, and in fact only Qianlong was the one who entered and exited this sect.
Seven Jamaica Sugar Twelve Corridors
To the east of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, there were 75 corridors built during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty and 72 corridors during the Qianlong period. Later generations called it the “Seventy-two Corridors”.
The Seven Star Stone was placed in the southeast of Daxiang Hall during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty JM EscortsThere are seven giant stone stones with mountain-shaped patterns carved on them, which represent the seven peaks of Mount Tai. After the Manchus entered the Central Plains, in order to show that the Manchus were also members of the Central Plains, Emperor Qianlong ordered an additional stone to be built in the southeast, which meant that the Central Plains were one family and the mountains and rivers were unified.
Editor: Jin Fu